OUTLINE

NOTES

• Exporting government dumps & makes subsidies, but importers pay for measures (easier to collect money)

<aside> <img src="/icons/fish_gray.svg" alt="/icons/fish_gray.svg" width="40px" /> THEORIES

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Anti-dumping (chống bán phá giá)

• Legal basis: Art. VI GATT, “Anti-Dumping Agreement” (explicitly authorize the imposition of anti-dumping measures by WTO Members, under certain conditions)

Dumping

<aside> ◾ Dumping: a form of price discrimination, which takes place when the price of a product when exported to another country is less than the price of that same product when sold in the market of the exporting country (Art. VI GATT)

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→ Export price < Normal value

• Dumping is calculated on the basis of a fair comparison between the normal value (the price of the imported product in the “ordinary course of trade” in the country of origin or export) & the export price (the price of the product in the importing country)

Anti-dumping in brief

• Art. VI GATT & the Anti-Dumping Agreement explicitly authorize the imposition of anti-dumping measures by WTO Members, under certain conditions
• Member countries can apply their own anti-dumping law as long as there are not incompatible with ADA
• Dumping is not illegal, but unfair

Normal value

• General rule: the normal value is generally the price, in the ordinary course of trade, for the like product at issue when destined for consumption in the exporting country market

  • Ordinary course of trade: market economy (VN accepted to join WTO as a non market economy)

  → like product sold in the exporting country (1)

• Alternative methods: Art. 2.2

  1. the comparable price of the like product when exported to an appropriate third country (provided that this price is representative); or,

     → like product in the third country (2)

  2. the constructed normal value of the product, which is calculated on the basis of the cost of production, plus a reasonable amount for administrative, selling & general costs & profits

     → calculated by themselves (3)

     Normal value = cost of manufacturing + SGA + profit

     SGA = selling, general, administrative

     SGA + profit = reasonable (hiện không có hướng dẫn chính thức về reasonable → thường được CQ điều tra áp dụng để tăng biên độ bán phá giá)

     → CQ điều tra thường lợi dụng tăng các chỉ số trên để tăng biên độ bán phá giá

→ How to determine whether normal value calculated by a method is usable?

• Like product sold in the exporting country

  • Lượng bán trong nước ≥ 5% lượng XK

    • Nếu < 5% thì chuyển sang 2 phương pháp sau

  • Profitable sale: giá bán xuất xưởng ≥ chi phí sản xuất

    • Lượng bán của giao dịch profitable/tổng lượng bán của các giao dịch trong nước = x ≥ 80% → normal value = giá bán trung bình của các giao dịch trong nước
    • Nếu 20% ≤ x < 80% → normal value = giá bán trung bình của các giao dịch profitble sale
    • Nếu x < 20% → không tính normal value theo phương pháp này

    Luật VN quy định phù hợp với các quy định của WTO nhưng các CQ áp dụng thực tiễn sử dụng ngưỡng 20% như trên là trái luật (học theo EU trước đây nhưng EU đã bị WTO xác định là sai luật, cho dù x = 1% cũng phải sử dụng profitable sale để tính)

Export price

• General rule: the export price will normally be based on the transaction price at which the foreign producer sells the product to an importer in the importing country
• Alternative method: when the transaction price cannot be used, the export price can be based on a constructed export price determined on the basis of the price at which the imported products is first resold to an independent buyer
  • The buyer & the seller can agree to write lower prices on the contract to avoid tariffs